Phosphorus (P): Essential for early root development, energy transfer (ATP), and uniform ripening. It directly influences the number of grains per spike.
Potassium (K): Enhances water-use efficiency and provides disease resistance. It regulates osmotic pressure, helping the wheat crop tolerate drought and environmental stress.
Zinc (Zn): Vital for hormone balance (auxin activity) and protein synthesis. Zn application increases grain yield and is a key focus of biofortification programs to combat human malnutrition.
Boron (B): Crucial for reproductive growth. It ensures pollen viability, pollen tube development, and successful grain setting.
Manganese (Mn): Acts as an enzyme activator for photosynthesis and helps protect cells against reactive oxygen species during stress.
Copper (Cu): Involved in photosynthesis and lignin formation, which strengthens stems to prevent lodging.
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